Varicocele

Cause: Dilated pampiniform plexus veins around testis, commonly on the left side.

Symptoms: Infertility, testicular pain, scrotal heaviness.

Treatment: Varicocelectomy – Ligation of dilated veins (microsurgical, laparoscopic, or open), improves semen quality and fertility outcomes.

Male Infertility (Obstructive)

Cause: Blockage in vas deferens or epididymis preventing sperm passage.

Symptoms: Azoospermia with normal spermatogenesis, infertility despite normal sexual function.

Treatment: Vasovasostomy / Vasoepididymostomy – Microsurgical bypass of blockage to restore sperm flow.

Azoospermia / Non-Obstructive Infertility

Cause: Failure of testis to produce sperm due to primary testicular failure.

Symptoms: Absent sperm in semen analysis, infertility.

Treatment: Testicular sperm extraction (TESE, Micro-TESE), Epididymal aspiration (PESA/TESA) – Sperm retrieval techniques for assisted reproduction (IVF/ICSI).

Erectile Dysfunction (Refractory)

Cause: Persistent inability to achieve erection despite medical therapy.

Symptoms: Inability to sustain erections, impaired sexual activity, poor quality of life.

Treatment: Penile Prosthesis Implantation – Malleable or inflatable devices implanted to allow penetrative intercourse. Robotic/laparoscopic approaches improve outcomes.

Peyronie’s Disease

Cause: Fibrous plaque formation in penile tunica albuginea.

Symptoms: Penile curvature, painful erections, erectile dysfunction.

Treatment: Penile plication, plaque excision with grafting, intralesional injection – Corrects curvature and restores function.

Contraception (Male)

Cause: Elective permanent sterilization method.

Symptoms: None (planned procedure).

Treatment: Vasectomy – Surgical division and sealing of vas deferens to prevent sperm passage.