Stress Urinary Incontinence

Cause: Weakening of pelvic floor and urethral sphincter support.

Symptoms: Leakage of urine on coughing, sneezing, exercise.

Treatment: Mid-urethral sling (TVT, TOT), Pubovaginal sling, Bulking agent injection, Artificial urinary sphincter – Restores continence and quality of life.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Cause: Weakening of vaginal support structures.

Symptoms: Bulge per vagina, pelvic heaviness, difficulty in urination and defecation.

Treatment: Sacrocolpopexy, Sacrospinous fixation, Uterosacral ligament suspension, Colpocleisis – Restores anatomy and relieves symptoms.

Vesicovaginal / Ureterovaginal Fistula

Cause: Abnormal communication between urinary tract and vagina, often post-surgery or obstetric trauma.

Symptoms: Continuous leakage of urine per vagina.

Treatment: Fistula Repair – Closure via vaginal, abdominal, laparoscopic, or robotic approach.

Overactive Bladder (Refractory)

Cause: Detrusor overactivity unresponsive to medical therapy.

Symptoms: Urgency, frequency, urge incontinence.

Treatment: Botox injection into detrusor, Sacral neuromodulation, Tibial nerve stimulation – Improves bladder control.

Bladder Pain Syndrome / Interstitial Cystitis

Cause: Chronic painful bladder condition of unclear etiology.

Symptoms: Pelvic pain, urgency, frequency, pain relieved by voiding.

Treatment: Intravesical therapies (heparin, DMSO, lidocaine) – Reduce pain and inflammation.

Neurogenic Bladder in Women

Cause: Neurological damage affecting bladder function (spinal cord injury, spina bifida).

Symptoms: Incontinence, urinary retention, recurrent UTIs.

Treatment: CIC, Mitrofanoff, Augmentation cystoplasty – Methods to improve continence and protect kidneys.