Detrusor Overactivity

Cause: Involuntary bladder contractions (neurogenic or idiopathic).

Symptoms: Urgency, frequency, urge incontinence.

Treatment: Intradetrusor Botox injection, Neuromodulation (sacral, PTNS).

Detrusor Sphincter Dyssynergia

Cause: Failure of coordination between bladder contraction and sphincter relaxation.

Symptoms: Urinary retention, high bladder pressures, renal risk.

Treatment: Endoscopic Sphincterotomy – Relieves obstruction and prevents kidney damage.

Sphincteric Incontinence

Cause: Weak urethral sphincter function.

Symptoms: Stress urinary leakage, continuous leakage in severe cases.

Treatment: Bulking agent injection, Artificial urinary sphincter – Restores continence.

Bladder Outlet Obstruction (Functional)

Cause: High sphincter tone causing functional obstruction.

Symptoms: Straining, poor stream, incomplete emptying.

Treatment: Bladder Neck Incision – Endoscopic release of obstruction.

Small, High-Pressure Neurogenic Bladder

Cause: Poor bladder compliance in neurological disease.

Symptoms: Low bladder capacity, recurrent UTIs, kidney risk.

Treatment: Augmentation Cystoplasty – Increases bladder size and reduces pressure.

Intractable Neurogenic Bladder

Cause: Severe cases unresponsive to conservative measures.

Symptoms: Dangerously high bladder pressures, renal damage risk.

Treatment: Urinary Diversion (ileal conduit, continent pouch).

Urinary Retention (Non-Obstructive)

Cause: Poor bladder contractility, neurogenic causes.

Symptoms: Inability to void, recurrent infections.

Treatment: Sacral neuromodulation, CIC, Suprapubic cystostomy.