Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and typically affects older individuals. Risk factors include age, family history, African ancestry, and lifestyle influences.

Many prostate cancers are detected early through PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) testing or digital rectal examination. Early disease is often asymptomatic. Symptoms, when present, may include urinary obstruction, frequency, hesitancy, or bone pain in metastatic disease.

Diagnosis is confirmed with prostate biopsy under ultrasound or MRI guidance. MRI also aids in staging and local tumor assessment.

Treatment depends on stage, grade, and patient preference. Active surveillance is an option for low-risk cancers. For localized disease, definitive treatments include radical prostatectomy (robotic/laparoscopic/open) or radiotherapy. Robotic surgery allows high precision, minimizing side effects such as incontinence and erectile dysfunction.

For locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer, systemic treatment is essential. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the mainstay, often combined with novel androgen receptor blockers, chemotherapy, or radiopharmaceuticals in advanced cases. Immunotherapy and targeted therapies are emerging options for specific patient subsets.

Prognosis is excellent in early-stage disease, with many men cured or living long with controlled disease. Advanced cases benefit from modern systemic therapies, improving survival and quality of life.