Renal Cell Carcinoma

Cause: Kidney cancer arising from renal tubules, associated with smoking, obesity, hypertension, familial syndromes.

Symptoms: Hematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass, weight loss.

Treatment: Robotic Partial Nephrectomy – Removes tumor while preserving kidney; Radical Nephrectomy for large/invasive tumors; Immunotherapy/Targeted therapy for advanced disease.

Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Cause: Cancer of renal pelvis or ureter urothelium.

Symptoms: Hematuria, flank pain, obstruction.

Treatment: Nephroureterectomy – Removal of kidney, ureter, and bladder cuff.

Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

Cause: Tumor infiltrating bladder muscle.

Symptoms: Hematuria, irritative urinary symptoms, pelvic pain.

Treatment: Radical Cystectomy + Urinary Diversion (ileal conduit, neobladder, pouch).

Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Cause: Tumor confined to bladder mucosa or submucosa.

Symptoms: Hematuria, irritative symptoms.

Treatment: TURBT – Endoscopic resection; Intravesical therapy with BCG or chemotherapy.

Localized Prostate Cancer

Cause: Cancer limited to prostate.

Symptoms: Often asymptomatic, may present with urinary symptoms or detected by PSA.

Treatment: Radical Prostatectomy (open/lap/robotic).

Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer

Cause: Cancer extending beyond prostate capsule.

Symptoms: Obstructive voiding symptoms, hematuria, pain.

Treatment: TURP for relief of obstruction; Debulking surgery for palliation.

Testicular Cancer

Cause: Malignant germ cell tumor, common in young men.

Symptoms: Painless testicular mass, sometimes pain or swelling.

Treatment: Radical Inguinal Orchiectomy – Removal of affected testis; RPLND if indicated.

Penile Cancer

Cause: Rare cancer often linked with phimosis and HPV infection.

Symptoms: Penile growth, ulcer, discharge.

Treatment: Partial/total penectomy; Inguinal lymph node dissection when indicated.